// Copyright (C) 2020 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only

/*!
    \page graphicsview.html
    \title Graphics View Framework
    \ingroup qt-graphics
    \ingroup qt-basic-concepts

    \brief An overview of the Graphics View framework for interactive 2D
    graphics.

    \keyword Graphics View
    \keyword GraphicsView
    \keyword Graphics
    \keyword Canvas
    \since 4.2

    Graphics View provides a surface for managing and interacting with a large
    number of custom-made 2D graphical items, and a view widget for
    visualizing the items, with support for zooming and rotation.

    The framework includes an event propagation architecture that allows
    precise double-precision interaction capabilities for the items on the
    scene. Items can handle key events, mouse press, move, release and
    double click events, and they can also track mouse movement.

    Graphics View uses a BSP (Binary Space Partitioning) tree to provide very
    fast item discovery, and as a result of this, it can visualize large
    scenes in real-time, even with millions of items.

    Graphics View was introduced in Qt 4.2, replacing its predecessor,
    QCanvas.

    Topics:

    \tableofcontents

    \section1 The Graphics View Architecture

      Graphics View provides an item-based approach to model-view programming,
      much like InterView's convenience classes QTableView, QTreeView and
      QListView. Several views can observe a single scene, and the scene
      contains items of varying geometric shapes.

      \section2 The Scene

        QGraphicsScene provides the Graphics View scene. The scene has the
        following responsibilities:

        \list
        \li Providing a fast interface for managing a large number of items
        \li Propagating events to each item
        \li Managing item state, such as selection and focus handling
        \li Providing untransformed rendering functionality; mainly for printing
        \endlist

        The scene serves as a container for QGraphicsItem objects. Items are
        added to the scene by calling QGraphicsScene::addItem(), and then
        retrieved by calling one of the many item discovery functions.
        QGraphicsScene::items() and its overloads return all items contained
        by or intersecting with a point, a rectangle, a polygon or a general
        vector path. QGraphicsScene::itemAt() returns the topmost item at a
        particular point. All item discovery functions return the items in
        descending stacking order (i.e., the first returned item is topmost,
        and the last item is bottom-most).

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 0

        QGraphicsScene's event propagation architecture schedules scene events
        for delivery to items, and also manages propagation between items. If
        the scene receives a mouse press event at a certain position, the
        scene passes the event on to whichever item is at that position.

        QGraphicsScene also manages certain item states, such as item
        selection and focus. You can select items on the scene by calling
        QGraphicsScene::setSelectionArea(), passing an arbitrary shape. This
        functionality is also used as a basis for rubberband selection in
        QGraphicsView. To get the list of all currently selected items, call
        QGraphicsScene::selectedItems(). Another state handled by
        QGraphicsScene is whether or not an item has keyboard input focus. You
        can set focus on an item by calling QGraphicsScene::setFocusItem() or
        QGraphicsItem::setFocus(), or get the current focus item by calling
        QGraphicsScene::focusItem().

        Finally, QGraphicsScene allows you to render parts of the scene into a
        paint device through the QGraphicsScene::render() function. You can
        read more about this in the Printing section later in this document.

      \section2 The View

        QGraphicsView provides the view widget, which visualizes the contents
        of a scene. You can attach several views to the same scene, to provide
        several viewports into the same data set. The view widget is a scroll
        area, and provides scroll bars for navigating through large scenes. To
        enable OpenGL support, you can set a QOpenGLWidget as the viewport by
        calling QGraphicsView::setViewport().

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 1

        The view receives input events from the keyboard and mouse, and
        translates these to scene events (converting the coordinates used
        to scene coordinates where appropriate), before sending the events
        to the visualized scene.

        Using its transformation matrix, QGraphicsView::transform(), the view can
        \e transform the scene's coordinate system. This allows advanced
        navigation features such as zooming and rotation. For convenience,
        QGraphicsView also provides functions for translating between view and
        scene coordinates: QGraphicsView::mapToScene() and
        QGraphicsView::mapFromScene().

        \image graphicsview-view.png

      \section2 The Item

        QGraphicsItem is the base class for graphical items in a
        scene. Graphics View provides several standard items for typical
        shapes, such as rectangles (QGraphicsRectItem), ellipses
        (QGraphicsEllipseItem) and text items (QGraphicsTextItem), but the
        most powerful QGraphicsItem features are available when you write a
        custom item. Among other things, QGraphicsItem supports the following
        features:

        \list
        \li Mouse press, move, release and double click events, as well as mouse
        hover events, wheel events, and context menu events.
        \li Keyboard input focus, and key events
        \li Drag and drop
        \li Grouping, both through parent-child relationships, and with
        QGraphicsItemGroup
        \li Collision detection
        \endlist

        Items live in a local coordinate system, and like QGraphicsView, it
        also provides many functions for mapping coordinates between the item
        and the scene, and from item to item. Also, like QGraphicsView, it can
        transform its coordinate system using a matrix:
        QGraphicsItem::transform(). This is useful for rotating and scaling
        individual items.

        Items can contain other items (children). Parent items'
        transformations are inherited by all its children. Regardless of an
        item's accumulated transformation, though, all its functions (e.g.,
        QGraphicsItem::contains(), QGraphicsItem::boundingRect(),
        QGraphicsItem::collidesWith()) still operate in local coordinates.

        QGraphicsItem supports collision detection through the
        QGraphicsItem::shape() function, and QGraphicsItem::collidesWith(),
        which are both virtual functions. By returning your item's shape as a
        local coordinate QPainterPath from QGraphicsItem::shape(),
        QGraphicsItem will handle all collision detection for you. If you want
        to provide your own collision detection, however, you can reimplement
        QGraphicsItem::collidesWith().

        \image graphicsview-items.png

    \section1 Classes in the Graphics View Framework

      These classes provide a framework for creating interactive applications.

      \annotatedlist graphicsview-api

    \section1 The Graphics View Coordinate System

      Graphics View is based on the Cartesian coordinate system; items'
      position and geometry on the scene are represented by sets of two
      numbers: the x-coordinate, and the y-coordinate. When observing a scene
      using an untransformed view, one unit on the scene is represented by
      one pixel on the screen.

      \note The inverted Y-axis coordinate system (where \c y grows upwards)
      is unsupported as Graphics Views uses Qt's coordinate system.

      There are three effective coordinate systems in play in Graphics View:
      Item coordinates, scene coordinates, and view coordinates. To simplify
      your implementation, Graphics View provides convenience functions that
      allow you to map between the three coordinate systems.

      When rendering, Graphics View's scene coordinates correspond to
      QPainter's \e logical coordinates, and view coordinates are the
      same as \e device coordinates.  In the \l{Coordinate System}
      documentation, you can read about the relationship between
      logical coordinates and device coordinates.

      \image graphicsview-parentchild.png

      \section2 Item Coordinates

          Items live in their own local coordinate system. Their coordinates
          are usually centered around its center point (0, 0), and this is
          also the center for all transformations. Geometric primitives in the
          item coordinate system are often referred to as item points, item
          lines, or item rectangles.

          When creating a custom item, item coordinates are all you need to
          worry about; QGraphicsScene and QGraphicsView will perform all
          transformations for you. This makes it very easy to implement custom
          items. For example, if you receive a mouse press or a drag enter
          event, the event position is given in item coordinates. The
          QGraphicsItem::contains() virtual function, which returns \c true if a
          certain point is inside your item, and false otherwise, takes a
          point argument in item coordinates. Similarly, an item's bounding
          rect and shape are in item coordinates.

          At item's \e position is the coordinate of the item's center point
          in its parent's coordinate system; sometimes referred to as \e
          parent coordinates. The scene is in this sense regarded as all
          parent-less items' "parent". Top level items' position are in scene
          coordinates.

          Child coordinates are relative to the parent's coordinates. If the
          child is untransformed, the difference between a child coordinate
          and a parent coordinate is the same as the distance between the
          items in parent coordinates. For example: If an untransformed child
          item is positioned precisely in its parent's center point, then the
          two items' coordinate systems will be identical. If the child's
          position is (10, 0), however, the child's (0, 10) point will
          correspond to its parent's (10, 10) point.

          Because items' position and transformation are relative to the
          parent, child items' coordinates are unaffected by the parent's
          transformation, although the parent's transformation implicitly
          transforms the child. In the above example, even if the parent is
          rotated and scaled, the child's (0, 10) point will still correspond
          to the parent's (10, 10) point. Relative to the scene, however, the
          child will follow the parent's transformation and position. If the
          parent is scaled (2x, 2x), the child's position will be at scene
          coordinate (20, 0), and its (10, 0) point will correspond to the
          point (40, 0) on the scene.

          With QGraphicsItem::pos() being one of the few exceptions,
          QGraphicsItem's functions operate in item coordinates, regardless of
          the item, or any of its parents' transformation. For example, an
          item's bounding rect (i.e. QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()) is always
          given in item coordinates.

      \section2 Scene Coordinates

          The scene represents the base coordinate system for all its items.
          The scene coordinate system describes the position of each top-level
          item, and also forms the basis for all scene events delivered to the
          scene from the view.  Each item on the scene has a scene position
          and bounding rectangle (QGraphicsItem::scenePos(),
          QGraphicsItem::sceneBoundingRect()), in addition to its local item
          pos and bounding rectangle. The scene position describes the item's
          position in scene coordinates, and its scene bounding rect forms the
          basis for how QGraphicsScene determines what areas of the scene have
          changed. Changes in the scene are communicated through the
          QGraphicsScene::changed() signal, and the argument is a list of
          scene rectangles.

      \section2 View Coordinates

          View coordinates are the coordinates of the widget. Each unit in
          view coordinates corresponds to one pixel. What's special about this
          coordinate system is that it is relative to the widget, or viewport,
          and unaffected by the observed scene. The top left corner of
          QGraphicsView's viewport is always (0, 0), and the bottom right
          corner is always (viewport width, viewport height). All mouse events
          and drag and drop events are originally received as view
          coordinates, and you need to map these coordinates to the scene in
          order to interact with items.

      \section2 Coordinate Mapping

          Often when dealing with items in a scene, it can be useful to map
          coordinates and arbitrary shapes from the scene to an item, from
          item to item, or from the view to the scene. For example, when you
          click your mouse in QGraphicsView's viewport, you can ask the scene
          what item is under the cursor by calling
          QGraphicsView::mapToScene(), followed by
          QGraphicsScene::itemAt(). If you want to know where in the viewport
          an item is located, you can call QGraphicsItem::mapToScene() on the
          item, then QGraphicsView::mapFromScene() on the view. Finally, if
          you use want to find what items are inside a view ellipse, you can
          pass a QPainterPath to mapToScene(), and then pass the mapped path
          to QGraphicsScene::items().

          You can map coordinates and shapes to and from an item's scene by
          calling QGraphicsItem::mapToScene() and
          QGraphicsItem::mapFromScene(). You can also map to an item's parent
          item by calling QGraphicsItem::mapToParent() and
          QGraphicsItem::mapFromParent(), or between items by calling
          QGraphicsItem::mapToItem() and QGraphicsItem::mapFromItem(). All
          mapping functions can map both points, rectangles, polygons and
          paths.

          The same mapping functions are available in the view, for mapping to
          and from the scene. QGraphicsView::mapFromScene() and
          QGraphicsView::mapToScene(). To map from a view to an item, you
          first map to the scene, and then map from the scene to the item.

    \section1 Key Features

      \section2 Zooming and rotating

        QGraphicsView supports the same affine transformations as QPainter
        does through QGraphicsView::setMatrix(). By applying a transformation
        to the view, you can easily add support for common navigation features
        such as zooming and rotating.

        Here is an example of how to implement zoom and rotate slots in a
        subclass of QGraphicsView:

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview_snippet.cpp 2

        The slots could be connected to \l{QToolButton}{QToolButtons} with
        \l{QAbstractButton::autoRepeat}{autoRepeat} enabled.

        QGraphicsView keeps the center of the view aligned when you transform
        the view.

        See also the \l{Elastic Nodes Example}{Elastic Nodes} example for
        code that shows how to implement basic zooming features.

      \section2 Printing

        Graphics View provides single-line printing through its rendering
        functions, QGraphicsScene::render() and QGraphicsView::render().  The
        functions provide the same API: You can have the scene or the view
        render all or parts of their contents into any paint device by passing
        a QPainter to either of the rendering functions. This example shows
        how to print the whole scene into a full page, using QPrinter.

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 3

        The difference between the scene and view rendering functions is that
        one operates in scene coordinates, and the other in view coordinates.
        QGraphicsScene::render() is often preferred for printing whole
        segments of a scene untransformed, such as for plotting geometrical
        data, or for printing a text document. QGraphicsView::render(), on the
        other hand, is suitable for taking screenshots; its default behavior
        is to render the exact contents of the viewport using the provided
        painter.

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 4

        When the source and target areas' sizes do not match, the source
        contents are stretched to fit into the target area. By passing a
        Qt::AspectRatioMode to the rendering function you are using, you can
        choose to maintain or ignore the aspect ratio of the scene when the
        contents are stretched.

      \section2 Drag and Drop

        Because QGraphicsView inherits QWidget indirectly, it already provides
        the same drag and drop functionality that QWidget provides. In
        addition, as a convenience, the Graphics View framework provides drag
        and drop support for the scene, and for each and every item. As the
        view receives a drag, it translates the drag and drop events into a
        QGraphicsSceneDragDropEvent, which is then forwarded to the scene. The
        scene takes over scheduling of this event, and sends it to the first
        item under the mouse cursor that accepts drops.

        To start a drag from an item, create a QDrag object, passing a pointer
        to the widget that starts the drag. Items can be observed by many
        views at the same time, but only one view can start the drag. Drags
        are in most cases started as a result of pressing or moving the mouse,
        so in mousePressEvent() or mouseMoveEvent(), you can get the
        originating widget pointer from the event. For example:

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 5

        To intercept drag and drop events for the scene, you reimplement
        QGraphicsScene::dragEnterEvent() and whichever event handlers your
        particular scene needs, in a QGraphicsItem subclass. You can read more
        about drag and drop in Graphics View in the documentation for each of
        QGraphicsScene's event handlers.

        Items can enable drag and drop support by calling
        QGraphicsItem::setAcceptDrops(). To handle the incoming drag,
        reimplement QGraphicsItem::dragEnterEvent(),
        QGraphicsItem::dragMoveEvent(), QGraphicsItem::dragLeaveEvent(), and
        QGraphicsItem::dropEvent().

        See also the \l{Drag and Drop Robot Example}{Drag and Drop Robot} example
        for a demonstration of Graphics View's support for drag and drop
        operations.

      \section2 Cursors and Tooltips

        Like QWidget, QGraphicsItem also supports cursors
        (QGraphicsItem::setCursor()), and tooltips
        (QGraphicsItem::setToolTip()). The cursors and tooltips are activated
        by QGraphicsView as the mouse cursor enters the item's area (detected
        by calling QGraphicsItem::contains()).

        You can also set a default cursor directly on the view by calling
        QGraphicsView::setCursor().

        See also the \l{Drag and Drop Robot Example}{Drag and Drop Robot}
        example for code that implements tooltips and cursor shape handling.

      \section2 Animation

        Graphics View supports animation at several levels. You can
        easily assemble animation by using the Animation Framework.
        For that you'll need your items to inherit from
        QGraphicsObject and associate QPropertyAnimation with
        them. QPropertyAnimation allows to animate any QObject
        property.

        Another option is to create a custom item that inherits from QObject
        and QGraphicsItem. The item can the set up its own timers, and control
        animations with incremental steps in QObject::timerEvent().

        A third option, which is mostly available for compatibility with
        QCanvas in Qt 3, is to \e advance the scene by calling
        QGraphicsScene::advance(), which in turn calls
        QGraphicsItem::advance().

      \section2 OpenGL Rendering

        To enable OpenGL rendering, you simply set a new QOpenGLWidget as the
        viewport of QGraphicsView by calling QGraphicsView::setViewport(). If
        you want OpenGL with antialiasing, you need to set a QSurfaceFormat
        with the needed sample count (see QSurfaceFormat::setSamples()).

        Example:

        \snippet graphicsview/graphicsview.cpp 6

      \section2 Item Groups

        By making an item a child of another, you can achieve the most
        essential feature of item grouping: the items will move together, and
        all transformations are propagated from parent to child.

        In addition, QGraphicsItemGroup is a special item that combines child
        event handling with a useful interface for adding and removing items
        to and from a group. Adding an item to a QGraphicsItemGroup will keep
        the item's original position and transformation, whereas reparenting
        items in general will cause the child to reposition itself relative to
        its new parent. For convenience, you can create
        \l{QGraphicsItemGroup}s through the scene by calling
        QGraphicsScene::createItemGroup().

      \section2 Widgets and Layouts

        Qt 4.4 introduced support for geometry and layout-aware items through
        QGraphicsWidget. This special base item is similar to QWidget, but
        unlike QWidget, it doesn't inherit from QPaintDevice; rather from
        QGraphicsItem instead. This allows you to write complete widgets with
        events, signals & slots, size hints and policies, and you can also
        manage your widgets geometries in layouts through
        QGraphicsLinearLayout and QGraphicsGridLayout.

        \section3 QGraphicsWidget

          Building on top of QGraphicsItem's capabilities and lean footprint,
          QGraphicsWidget provides the best of both worlds: extra
          functionality from QWidget, such as the style, font, palette, layout
          direction, and its geometry, and resolution independence and
          transformation support from QGraphicsItem.  Because Graphics View
          uses real coordinates instead of integers, QGraphicsWidget's
          geometry functions also operate on QRectF and QPointF. This also
          applies to frame rects, margins and spacing. With QGraphicsWidget
          it's not uncommon to specify contents margins of (0.5, 0.5, 0.5,
          0.5), for example. You can create both subwidgets and "top-level"
          windows; in some cases you can now use Graphics View for advanced
          MDI applications.

          Some of QWidget's properties are supported, including window flags
          and attributes, but not all. You should refer to QGraphicsWidget's
          class documentation for a complete overview of what is and what is
          not supported. For example, you can create decorated windows by
          passing the Qt::Window window flag to QGraphicsWidget's constructor,
          but Graphics View currently doesn't support the Qt::Sheet and
          Qt::Drawer flags that are common on \macos.

        \section3 QGraphicsLayout

          QGraphicsLayout is part of a second-generation layout framework
          designed specifically for QGraphicsWidget. Its API is very similar
          to that of QLayout. You can manage widgets and sublayouts inside
          either QGraphicsLinearLayout and QGraphicsGridLayout. You can also
          easily write your own layout by subclassing QGraphicsLayout
          yourself, or add your own QGraphicsItem items to the layout by
          writing an adaptor subclass of QGraphicsLayoutItem.

      \section2 Embedded Widget Support

          Graphics View provides seamless support for embedding any widget
          into the scene. You can embed simple widgets, such as QLineEdit or
          QPushButton, complex widgets such as QTabWidget, and even complete
          main windows. To embed your widget to the scene, simply call
          QGraphicsScene::addWidget(), or create an instance of
          QGraphicsProxyWidget to embed your widget manually.

          Through QGraphicsProxyWidget, Graphics View is able to deeply
          integrate the client widget features including its cursors,
          tooltips, mouse, tablet and keyboard events, child widgets,
          animations, pop-ups (e.g., QComboBox or QCompleter), and the widget's
          input focus and activation. QGraphicsProxyWidget even integrates the
          embedded widget's tab order so that you can tab in and out of
          embedded widgets. You can even embed a new QGraphicsView into your
          scene to provide complex nested scenes.

          When transforming an embedded widget, Graphics View makes sure that
          the widget is transformed resolution independently, allowing the
          fonts and style to stay crisp when zoomed in. (Note that the effect
          of resolution independence depends on the style.)

    \section1 Performance

      \section2 Floating Point Instructions

        In order to accurately and quickly apply transformations and effects to
        items, Graphics View is built with the assumption that the user's hardware
        is able to provide reasonable performance for floating point instructions.

        Many workstations and desktop computers are equipped with suitable hardware
        to accelerate this kind of computation, but some embedded devices may only
        provide libraries to handle mathematical operations or emulate floating
        point instructions in software.

        As a result, certain kinds of effects may be slower than expected on certain
        devices. It may be possible to compensate for this performance hit by making
        optimizations in other areas; for example, by using \l{#OpenGL Rendering}{OpenGL}
        to render a scene. However, any such optimizations may themselves cause a
        reduction in performance if they also rely on the presence of floating point
        hardware.
*/
